
Kommandot pwd visar katalogen som användaren för närvarande befinner sig i (pwd betyder “print working directory”). Till exempel, skriv
pwd
när du är i katalogen Skrivbord
kommer visa /home/[username]/Skrivbord
.
Note
Konsole visar även denna information i både fliken och titelraden för fönstret.
Kommandot cd skiftar katalog (cd står för “change directory”). När ett terminalfönster är öppet, kommer den att peka mot användarens hemkatalog. För att förflytta sig runt i filsystemet krävs det att man använder cd.
Skriv
cd /
för att navigera till rotkatalogen
För att navigera till den nuvarande användarens hemkatalog, skriv:
cd
eller
cd ~
Note
The ~ character represents the current user's home directory. As shown above, cd ~ is equivalent to cd /home/username/. However, when running a command as root (using sudo, for example), ~ points to
/root
. When running a cd command with sudo, the full path to the home directory must be given.Skriv
cd ..
för att navigera en katalognivå uppåt
To navigate up two directory levels, type:
cd ../../
To navigate to the previous directory (go back), type:
cd -
To navigate through multiple levels of directories at once, specify the full directory path. For example, type:
cd /var/log
to go directly to the
/log
subdirectory of/var/
. For another example, typing:cd ~/Desktop
moves to the
Desktop
subdirectory inside the current user's home directory.
The ls command outputs a list of the files in the current directory (ls is short for “list”). For example, typing
ls ~
will display the files that are in the current user's home directory.
Used with the -l option, ls outputs other information along with the filename, such as the permissions on the file, the file's owner, and more.
Used with the -al options, ls outputs the information associated with the -l option in addition to showing hidden files (a option).
The touch command is used either to change a file's access and modification timestamps or to create a new empty file. For example,
touch foo
will create a new empty file named foo
. If
foo
is already a file, then using touch
will update the timestamps on the file which will show
the last time a file was touched.
The mkdir command is used to create a new directory (mkdir stands for “make directory”). To create a
new directory named foobar
, type:
mkdir foobar
The cp command makes a copy of a file or directory
(cp is short for “copy”). To make an exact copy
of foo
and name it bar
, type:
cp foo bar
To make an exact copy of the foo_dir
directory and name it bar_dir
, type:
cp -r foo_dir bar_dir
The mv command moves a file or directory to a different
location or will rename a file or directory (mv is short for
“move”). To rename the file foo
to
bar
, type:
mv foo bar
To move the file foo
into the current user's Desktop
directory, type:
mv foo ~/Desktop
This will not rename foo
to Desktop
because foo
is a file and Desktop
is a directory.
The rm command is used to delete files and directories (rm is short for “remove”). To delete the file
foo
for the current directory, type:
rm foo
By default, rm will not remove directories. To remove a directory, you must use the -r option (also can be entered as either -R or --recursive). For example,
rm -r foobar
or
rm -R foobar
or
rm --recursive foobar
will remove the directory foobar
,
and all of its contents!